The disillusionment of Europe is expressed well in the Dadaism and Surrealism art movements and the stream-of-consciousness literary technique because they use Freudian psychology to display the truths in society. The Old Testament was compiled and edited by various men[1] over a period of centuries, with many scholars concluding that the Hebrew canon was solidified by about the 3rd century BC. In Europe, hagiographies, or "lives of the saints", are frequent among early medieval texts. These were highly fanciful and included stories of Merlin the magician and King Arthur. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain, based on coal, steam, and textile mills.Political change in continental Europe was spurred by the French Revolution under the motto liberté, égalité, fraternité. The Pentateuch is traditionally dated to the 15th century BC, although modern scholarship estimates its oldest part to date to the 10th century BC at the earliest. People began to move out of the social classes and the feudal system began to break down. Where It All Began? She is later taken back to the Moon by her real extraterrestrial family. It is more intellectual. Friedrich Nietzsche wrote: “In the Jewish Old Testament, there are men, things and speeches in so grand a style that Greek and Indian literature have nothing to compare to it. Vernacular literature was further popularized in Britain in the Kingdom of Wessex by Alfred the Great(r. 871-899 CE) in an attempt to encourage widespread literacy, and other nations then followed suit. The Newberry does not systematically acquire new monographs or microform sets for European history and literature. It is Dafne, (now lost) written by Jacopo Peri for an elite circle of literate Florentine humanists who gathered as the "Camerata". Although much had been lost to the ravages of time (and to catastrophe, as in the burning of the Library of Alexandria), many Greek works remained extant: they were preserved and copied carefully by Muslim scribes. The Zhuangzi is composed of a large collection of creative anecdotes, allegories, parables, and fables; a masterpiece of both philosophical and literary skill, it has significantly influenced writers and poets for more than 2000 years from the Han dynasty to the present. With the fear of contagion a distant bad memory, and people eager to get out of their homes and see more of the world, internationa… The subsequent exponential increase of opium in China between 1790 and 1832 brought about a generation of addicts and social instability. The steady rise of nationalism, coupled with the first flourishing of democracy, were traits common to the entire Continent. The new style in English poetry during the 17th century was that of the metaphysical movement. Europeans began to realize social darwinism could affect their own countries, and wanted to make their own countries the strongest. The Carolingian Renaissance (800- 850 CE) emerges in Europe. In 1518 the Spanish king allowed the importation of slaves directly from Africa (previously they had been Spanish-born Africans), and the Atlantic slave trade to the western hemisphere began in earnest, finally ending over three centuries later with the abolition of slavery in Brazil in 1888. Native American literature. The earliest Renaissance literature appeared in 14th century Italy; Dante, Petrarch, and Machiavelli are notable examples of Italian Renaissance writers. Napoleon Bonaparte took control, made many reforms inside France, and transformed Western Europe. The steady rise of nationalism, coupled with the first flourishing of democracy, were traits common to the entire Continent. The late 19th century, known as the Belle Époque, with its Fin de siècle retrospectively appeared as a "golden age" of European culture, cut short by the outbreak of World War I in 1914. In Denmark, the early 19th century Golden Age produced prolific literary authors such as Søren Kierkegaard and Hans Christian Andersen. Among the issues within the history of literature with which book history can be seen to intersect are: the development of authorship as a profession, the formation of reading audiences, the constraints of censorship and copyright, and the economics of literary form. Much of the early literature from Mesopotamia concerns the activities of the gods but, in time, humans came to be featured as the main characters in such poems as Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta and Lugalbanda and Mount Hurrum (c.2600-2000 BCE). Case Y 194 .785. No Western author expressed Europe's fascination with any aspect of Arabism in a more dramatic and poetic form than did … Writing, in its most general terms, is a method of recording information and is composed of graphemes, which may, in turn, be composed of glyphs. In particular, the female perception in literature evolved towards more influential agent of social change. The taste for the Old Testament is a touchstone of 'greatness' and 'smallness'.”[4]. Much has been written, for example, about the destruction of the Library of Alexandria in the 1st century BC, and the innumerable key texts which are believed to have been lost forever to the flames. European History and Literature The Assembly Man, Written in the Year of 1647. Popular literature develops its own genres such as fantasy and science fiction. However, Britain did not possess sufficient silver to trade with the Qing Empire. [6] Many imitations were written, especially in France. Classical Sanskrit literature flowers in the Maurya and Gupta periods, roughly spanning the 2nd century BC to the 8th century AD. WWI had left Europe in economic ruins and misery, and a sense of disillusionment arose. Vernacular literature was further popularized in Britain in the Kingdom of Wessex by Alfred the Great(r. 871-899 CE) in an attempt to encourage widespread literacy, and other nations then followed suit. "Rubaiyat" means "quatrains": verses of four lines. Milton had been Oliver Cromwell's chief propagandist and suffered when the Restoration came. [citation needed] Some commentators feel that China originated the novel form with the Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong (in the 14th century), although others feel that this epic is distinct from the novel in key ways. Lyric poetry advanced far more in China than in Europe prior to 1000, as multiple new forms developed in the Han, Tang, and Song dynasties: perhaps the greatest poets of this era in Chinese literature were Li Bai and Du Fu. Very little was published at first, and children often turned, as always, to adult literature for adventure and excitement. England had a strong tradition of literature in the English vernacular, which gradually increased as English use of the printing press became common by the mid 16th century. Philosophy developed far differently in China than in Greece—rather than presenting extended dialogues, the Analects of Confucius and Lao Zi's Tao Te Ching presented sayings and proverbs more directly and didactically. flourished before Europeans arrived on the continent and the beginning of the 1960’s when the Native American Renaissance began. [16] "The City of Brass" and "The Ebony Horse" can be considered early examples of proto-science fiction. By 1600 it had spread to France, England, Germany, Netherlands, Spain and other European countries. flourished before Europeans arrived on the continent and the beginning of the 1960’s when the Native American Renaissance began. Within the vernacular emphasis, the 1920s ushered in two American art renaissance movements one of which began with music but spread to all art forms and one of which began in regionally. The scientist, statesman, and general Shen Kuo (1031–1095 AD) was the author of the Dream Pool Essays (1088), a large book of scientific literature that included the oldest description of the magnetized compass. The earliest Renaissance literature appeared in 14th century Italy; Dante, Petrarch, and Machiavelli are notable examples of Italian Renaissance writers. The 10th-century Japanese narrative, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, can be considered an early example of proto-science fiction. Romance isn't dead, but it might be nine centuries old, according to an Oxford University academic. Before the modern novel became established as a form there first had to be a transitional stage when "novelty" began to appear in the style of the epic poem. After 1914, the history of the European Empires—a third phase—is one of gradual decolonization and independence, with the vast majority of … Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction; that is, there were no counterparts to, for instance, the European romance, short story, or novel (though analogous genres did, to some extent, exist in both the Turkish folk tradition and in divan poetry). As a specific discipline viewed through the lens of European literature, American literature began in the early 17th century with the arrival of English-speaking Europeans in what would become the United States. Much of the early literature from Mesopotamia concerns the activities of the gods but, in time, humans came to be featured as the main characters in such poems as Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta and Lugalbanda and Mount Hurrum (c.2600-2000 BCE). The method used was block printing. Then in 1307, Dante published the first volume of his Divine Comedy, Inferno. WWI had a huge impact on European literature and art between 1919 and 1939. In the middle of the century the king of England was overthrown and a republic declared. Arab influences in European literature began to appear in the poetry of the early Spanish and Provençal troubadours, and, in the thirteenth century, in the French fabliaux and contes. In the millennium or so that intervened between Rome's fall and the Florentine Renaissance, medieval literaturefocused more and more on faith and faith-related matters, in part because the works written by the Greeks had not been preserved in Europe, and therefore there were few models of classical literature to learn from and move beyond. Satire is one of the few Roman additions to literature—Horace was the first to use satire extensively as a tool for argument, and Juvenal made it into a weapon. The epic Elizabethan poem The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser was published, in its first part, in 1590 and then in completed form in 1597. The series of gruesome plays began with Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy (1585) and included Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus (1594), Hamlet (1600), and Macbeth (1605). Write their work in the vernacular. England had, therefore, a wonderful literature before her colonies came to America. The word Renaissance is a French word that implies rebirth. With the arrival of the printing press a process begins in which folk yarns and legends are collected within a frame story and then mass published. The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and prose. Beowulf stands at its head. Literature and music changed on the European continent in the twelfth century once poets and songwriters began to ____. Epic poetry continued to develop with the addition of the mythologies of Northern Europe: Beowulf and the Norse sagas have much in common with Homer and Virgil's approaches to war and honor, while poems such as Dante's Divine Comedy and Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales take much different stylistic directions. The Rubáiyát is a collection of poems by the Persian mathematician and astronomer Omar Khayyám (1048–1122). It all began at the city's Cabaret Voltaire in February 1916. The 15th century, however, also brought Johann Gutenberg and his invention of the printing press, an innovation (for Europe, at least) that would change literature forever. These are an indication of future directions in literature. During the eighteenth-century, children's literature reflected and instilled many of the cultural norms concerning gender roles. It was published in two parts. This work and the Shiji or Records of the Grand Historian, were regarded as the ultimate models by many generations of prose stylists in ancient China. The first author of literature in the world, known by name, was the high-priestess of Ur, Enheduanna (2285-2250 BCE) who wrote hymns in praise of the Sumerian goddess Inanna. A century later Theodore de Bry began publishing his massive collection of exploration narratives, the Grands Voyages (America) and Petits Voyages (elsewhere), which had more influence, it can be argued, than any other texts on Europeans' vision of the New World (see … Other refiners of playwriting were Sophocles and Euripides. [23], A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail's work, Philosophus Autodidactus, first appeared in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger, followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708, as well as German and Dutch translations. The collections of source materials are particularly strong in these areas: Some smaller but notable concentrations exist: Checklist of Post-1500 French Manuscripts, Checklist of Post-1500 Italian Manuscripts, Bibliographic Guide for European History and Literature. The Tale of Genji (early 11th century) by Murasaki Shikibu is considered the pre-eminent masterpiece of Heian fiction and an early example of a work of fiction in the form of a novel. The disillusionment of Europe is expressed well in the Dadaism and Surrealism art movements and the stream-of-consciousness literary technique because they use Freudian psychology to display the truths in society. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England at the beginning of the 17th century. In the countries of Europe, written literature for children began in the 17th century. Thomas Aquinas, more than any other single person, was able to turn theology into a kind of science, in part because he was heavily influenced by Aristotle, whose works were returning to Europe in the 13th century. Pali literature has an important position in the rise of Buddhism. Certain primary texts, however, may be isolated which have a qualifying role as literature's first stirrings. Liturgical Jewish poetry in Hebrew flourished in Palestine in the seventh and eighth centuries with the writings of Yose ben Yose, Yanai, and Eleazar Kalir[31] Later Jewish poets in Spain, Provencal, and Italy wrote both religious and secular poems in Hebrew; particularly prominent poets were the Spanish Jewish poets Solomon ibn Gabirol and Yehuda Halevi. The Assembly Man, Written in the Year of 1647. Several threads can be said to tie the entire European Renaissance together across the three centuries which it spanned. This period began with a demographic downturn at the end of the Roman imperial era, with European populations shrinking and many cities and rural estates abandoned. Learn more about who we are and what we do in the Newberry Blogs. Plays for entertainment (as opposed to religious enlightenment) returned to Europe's stages in the early modern period. The vision of Satan that Dante presented would prove heavily influential, though today it's been eclipsed by the one presented by John Milton in Paradise Lost (1667). Notable among later Greek poets was Sappho, who defined, in many ways, lyric poetry as a genre. That legacy is later transmitted by Latin to the various ver ... More. In this time the imperial court patronized the poets, most of whom were courtiers or ladies-in-waiting. The middle class emerged, there are now wealthy merchants who can afford and purchase expensive goods. A cooling climate, disease, and political disorder each played a part in this opening period which saw Classical Mediterranean civilization eclipsed. As a result, much about literature in Europe was radically altered in the two centuries following Gutenberg's unveiling of the printing press in 1455. The writings of Bede—Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum—and others continue the faith-based historical tradition begun by Eusebius in the early 4th century. Europeans also invented the Fence or Deckle, which keeps the paper within bonds (Hunter 1943, 115). Most scholars associate the start of the medieval period with the fall of the Roman Empire in 410AD. Thus, a system of barter based on Indian opium was created to bridge this problem of payment. Playwriting essentially ceased, except for the mystery plays and the passion plays that focused heavily on conveying Christian belief to the common people. What is undeniable is that the Romans, in comparison with the Greeks, innovate relatively few literary styles of their own. The definition is largely subjective. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain, based on coal, steam, and textile mills.Political change in continental Europe was spurred by the French Revolution under the motto liberté, égalité, fraternité. In doing so, he essentially invented "drama": his Oresteia trilogy of plays is seen as his crowning achievement. Some Commedia dell'arte plays were written down. It began in Italy in the 1300's. William Shakespeare is the most notable of the early modern playwrights, but numerous others made important contributions, including Molière, Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Lope de Vega, Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson. It is generally believed that the Puranas are the earliest philosophical writings in Indian history, although linguistic works on Sanskrit existed earlier than 1000 BC. Much of the early literature of this period consists of sermons, … [7] Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad and Ali Baba. Some of these distorted beginnings of new styles can be seen in the literature generally described as Matter of Rome, Matter of France and Matter of Britain. For example, Ovid's Metamorphoses creates a form which is a clear predecessor of the stream of consciousness genre. This is fully in keeping with the spirit of the age of enlightenment which began from about this time and delighted in giving a satirical twist to the stories and ideas of the past. Children's literature of the period assisted such attempts to enforce class differences. Europeans also invented the Fence or Deckle, which keeps the paper within bonds (Hunter 1943, 115). Writing and reading became useful in daily life. By the time of Elizabethan literature a vigorous literary culture in both drama and poetry included poets such as Edmund Spenser, whose verse epic The Faerie Queenehad a strong influence on English literature but was eventually overshadowed by the lyrics of … The Drury Lane theatre was favorite of King Charles. In addition to poetry and fiction, medieval Jewish literature also includes philosophical literature, mystical (Kabbalistic) literature, ethical (musar) literature, legal (halakhic) literature, and commentaries on the Bible. The books that constitute the Hebrew Bible developed over roughly a millennium. Britain marks 200 years on March 25 since it enacted a law banning the trans-Atlantic slave trade, although full abolition of slavery did not follow for another generation. The Norman Conquest of 1066 CE established French as the language of literature and transformed the English language from Old English (in use c. 5… THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD (c. 1066-1450 CE) In 1066, Norman French armies invade and conquer England under William I. Editing anthologies of poetry was a national pastime. Children's literature of the period assisted such attempts to enforce class differences. Other important works of this period include the Kokin Wakashū (905), a waka-poetry anthology, and The Pillow Book (990s), the latter written by Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival, Sei Shōnagon, as an essay about the life, loves, and pastimes of nobles in the Emperor's court. Ancient Greek society placed considerable emphasis upon literature. The AP European History course starts at 1450, when Europe is in the midst of the Renaissance, or rebirth.It was during the Renaissance that historians first began dividing history into three parts (ancient, medieval, and modern), with modern history beginning in their time. Both the written plays and the improvisation were influential upon literature of the time, particularly upon the work of Molière. The History Of European Colonization Of The Americas Sometime during the 11th century was the first of many European colonization endeavors. This meant that the plausibility of great marvels had to be set at a greater distance of time ("long ago") and place ("far away"). Philosophy entered literature in the dialogues of Plato, who converted the give and take of Socratic questioning into written form. In the 13th century, Italian authors began writing in their native vernacular language rather than in Latin, French, or Provençal. Moreover, given the significance of distance as a cultural isolator in earlier centuries, the historical development of literature did not occur at an even pace across the world. His Confessions is perhaps the first true autobiography, and it gave rise to the genre of confessional literature which is now more popular than ever. [5] All Arabian fantasy tales were often called "Arabian Nights" when translated into English, regardless of whether they appeared in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, in any version, and a number of tales are known in Europe as "Arabian Nights" despite existing in no Arabic manuscript. Had nothing occurred to change literature in the 15th century but the Renaissance, the break with medieval approaches would have been clear enough. The true vernacular novel was developed in China during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD). Diverse as they are, European literatures, like … A medieval church in Rome. The metaphysical poets were clearly trying to understand the world around them and the spirit behind it, instead of accepting dogma on the basis of faith. The primary motive of British imperialism in China in the nineteenth century was economic. [18], Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, considered the greatest epic of Italian literature, derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter directly or indirectly from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before[19] as Liber Scale Machometi, "The Book of Muhammad's Ladder") concerning Muhammad's ascension to Heaven, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi. Between Augustine and The Bible, religious authors had numerous aspects of Christianity that needed further explication and interpretation. Qu Yuan is the first author of verse in China to have his name associated to his work and is also regarded as one of the most prominent figures of Romanticism in Chinese classical literature. For the purposes of study, Literature is divided into the categories of fictio… The iroha poem, now one of two standard orderings for the Japanese syllabary, was also written during the early part of this period. There was a high demand for Chinese tea, silk and porcelain in the British market. Medieval Jewish fiction often drew on ancient Jewish legends, and was written in a variety of languages including Hebrew and Judeo-Arabic. They are edited works, being collections of various sources intricately and carefully woven together. Early Medieval (Gupta period) literature in India sees the flowering of Sanskrit drama, classical Sanskrit poetry and the compilation of the Puranas. Several threads can be said to tie the entire European Renaissance together across the three centuries which it spanned. During the eighteenth-century, children's literature reflected and instilled many of the cultural norms concerning gender roles. Like many of his fellow American novelists, Crane began his career as a journalist, and he continued to travel and report on international stories for the remainder of his career. The bamboo allowed the mold to be flexible, but the European rigid wire mold, was better suited to the formation of rag fiber. Homer's Iliad and Odyssey date to the 8th century BC and mark the beginning of Classical Antiquity. The Spanish and Portuguese collections tend to emphasize the imperial experiences of those countries but include major literary works, religious history, and pamphlets in abundance. Alliterative verse: 8th - 14th century: The story of English literature begins with the Germanic tradition of the Anglo-Saxon settlers. Bamboo molds were common in China, but it was not readily available in Europe. Got a question on your topic of research? In some regions of India, however, newsletters … WWI had left Europe in economic ruins and misery, and a sense of disillusionment arose. Also the Islamic emphasis on scientific investigation and the preservation of the Greek philosophical writings would eventually affect European literature. [7] When L. Frank Baum proposed writing a modern fairy tale that banished stereotypical elements he felt the genie, dwarf and fairy were stereotypes to avoid. Before 1607 Chaucer, Spenser, and Shakespeare had written, and before 1620 the King James version of the Bible had been produced. After the fall of Rome (in roughly 476), many of the literary approaches and styles invented by the Greeks and Romans fell out of favor in Europe. By the time of Elizabethan literature a vigorous literary culture in both drama and poetry included poets such as Edmund Spenser, whose verse epic The Faerie Queenehad a strong influence on English literature but was eventually overshadowed by the lyrics of … Key Points. The most famous authors beside playwrights include Jean de La Fontaine and Charles Perrault known primarily for their fables. [citation needed]. Charles Dickens, perhaps the most famous novelist in the history of English literature, was active during this time and contributed to the novel's emergence as the leading literary genre of Victorian England. With the fear of contagion a distant bad memory, and people eager to get out of their homes and see more of the world, internation…