Eastern Philosophy. In his theory of causes and of act and potency, Aristotle emphasizes beings in relation to their actual manifestation, and in turn the soul was also defined by its actual effects. As we grow up, we gradually establish our own worldview. On your to-do list, pursuing a higher state of consciousness doesn't really rank. For instance, if a knife had a soul, the act of cutting would be that soul, because 'cutting' is part of the essence of what it is to be a knife. By Brian Yan 10C Conclusion Personally I like Eastern Philosophy more because of its different approach on viewing certain ideas and how you need both sides of an idea in the answer. Aristotle also believed that there were four sections of the soul: the calculative and scientific parts on the rational side used for making decisions, and the desiderative and vegetative parts on the irrational side responsible for identifying our needs. It is bent on teaching those who choose to study Indian Philosophy or achieve the status of Brahman or finally become a Buddhist all the components of the self. 1). According to Western philosophy, the self does exist, Suffering is in part with Karma which means “action” or “deed”, karma reflects in the later life through the actions or deeds done right now. This is because both faith and belief serve the same epistemic function. In other words, it assumes that we humans are… After completing the readings in this Indian Philosophy course I have come to realize that it is all centered, built upon and around the idea of “the self”. Explanations of consciousness from both philosophy and cognitive science are traditionally conceived in terms of how an active self-consciousness relates to the various aspects of the world with which it is faced. Most people often find it hard to reach an agreement when it comes to matters of faith. Quote: “All wrong-doing arises because of mind. or "what is the subject of self-improvement and enlightenment?".[27]. A division of the soul's functions and activities is also found in Plato's tripartite theory. His mother being why he becomes a great asset to our history because he created the word “genocide” as well as the first Human Rights Treaty. Philosophy majors and minors alike, if they hope to receive a well-rounded look at the diverse perspectives out there, need to look beyond the more familiar “Western” ideologies. "For whereas the sensitive faculty is not found apart from the body, the intellect is separate." Therefore, the intentions of another individual can only be inferred from something that emanates from that individual. "[20], In Hume's view, these perceptions do not belong to anything. He wanted to know why people had suffered that way they did so he chose to leave his life of luxury, abandon his family and live in the woods as one of them for several years. But if it is divisible, reason again demands, what it is that holds this together? The main principle of the Eastern philosophy is unity. She was the wife of former United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt By August of 1945, Lemkin and Roosevelt have both witnessed two world wars. Eastern philosophy touches base with three traditions —Indian, Chinese and Persian philosophy—which are just as different from each other as they are from Western philosophy. Hägglund: Death&Meaning; Why Does The World Exist? Madison: The University of Wisconsin. The problem of one in many is also remembered by Aristotle, nonetheless: If then the soul is of its very nature divisible, what holds it together? If it is one, why not call it the soul straightway? This is an example of the middle way charted by the Buddha and the Madhyamaka school of Buddhism. Schaeffer, Kurtis R.; Kapstein, Matthew T.; Tuttle, Gray (2013-03-26). The Buddha in particular attacked all attempts to conceive of a fixed self, while stating that holding the view "I have no self" is also mistaken. Philosophy: The Self-Destructive West and the Stillness of the East ... developed through my experiences studying Western Philosophy at a Canadian University and studying Eastern Philosophy on … This is a powerful statement that underlines the aim of following virtuous acts – bad is something which you do not want for yourself, good actions are the ones which you wish to be returned to you. East Asian Philosophy includes Confucianism, which is a complex system of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious thought that has had tremendous influence on the culture and history of East Asia[1], Taoism which refers to a variety of related philosophical and religious traditions that have influenced Eastern Asia[2], Shinto which is the indigenous religion of Japan[3], Legalism which was one of the main philosophic currents during the Warring States Period[4], and Maoism, which is officially known as Mao Zedong... ...PHILOSOPHY It is likewise evident that as the senses, in changing their objects, are necessitated to change them regularly, and take them as they lie contiguous to each other, the imagination must by long custom acquire the same method of thinking, and run along the parts of space and time in conceiving its objects. This papers intent is not to prove that eastern philosophy should be viewed through the lens The paradox of the Ship of Theseus can be used as an analogy of the self as a bundle of parts in flux. Aristotle, following Plato, defined the soul as the core essence of a being, but argued against its having a separate existence. You are not an individual person anymore, but a servant who serves along with His other servants. Many postmodern philosophers believe the only variant of Eastern and Western philosophy is that of Geographic’s however some scholars will disagree that it is not geographical but of natural language and investigated thinking. Can similarities be found in western philosophy with the eastern concept of self (no-self) in Buddhism? Jason Chang ophy of language, history of philosophy (modern and ancient, eastern and western), aesthetics and ethics. This variety explains the title - Perspectives on the Self. The purpose of philosophy is to try to understand and evaluate our most basics, beliefs, values, and to integrate them into a coherent view of each of us and the world around us (What is Philosophy, 2014). By Jennifer Carter ", "what carries the aggregates? With his mother as an influence, Lemkin mastered ten languages by the age of 14, including French, Spanish, Hebrew, Yiddish, and Russian. To pretend to know when you do not know is a disease.” Raphael Lemkin directed his interest in genocide after the Armenian Genocide in Turkey during World War I and after seeing it happen so many times around the world. Studding of philosophy influences our lives in many ways and has many purposes. Most philosophical definitions of self—per Descartes, Locke, Hume, and William James—are expressed in the first person. [23], In spirituality, and especially nondual, mystical and eastern meditative traditions, the human being is often conceived as being an illusion of individual existence, and separateness from other aspects of creation. Aristotle. He explains that ignorance and selfishness causes suffering. Mastering others requires force. Most people are stubborn about what they believe in because it is all they have known their entire lives and based their entire being on. Buddha spoke about the emptiness of the form, in the sense that the form is the physical body, and the human being is just impermanence. After his interest increased, Lemkin’s life changed and he petitioned for an intercontinental law that he hoped it to prevent any type of genocide or mass murder against humanity. It is to a certain level irrational to imagine that disputing that would... ...Eastern Philosophy [5] "Self-knowledge alone is the means to the highest bliss. Philosophy is “the study of ideas about knowledge, truth, the nature and meaning of life, etc…; a particular set of ideas about knowledge, truth, and meaning of life; and a set of ideas about how to do something or how to live” (Philosophy, 2014, para. When we start introspecting, "we are never intimately conscious of anything but a particular perception; man is a bundle or collection of different perceptions which succeed one another with an inconceivable rapidity and are in perpetual flux and movement". Each of these branches plays a role with culture to develop thoughts in human beings by wondering, a dynamic process, the truth, and wisdom. [1] A third person definition does not refer to specific mental qualia but instead strives for objectivity and operationalism. The philosophy of self is the study of the many conditions of identity that make one subject of experience distinct from other experiences. November 03, 2014 Baggini: Political Philosophy; Teaching. His father was a farmer and his mother a highly intellectual woman who was a painter, linguist, and philosophy student with a large collection of books on literature and history. Although we have changed in many respects, the same person appears present as was present then. Poetic thought, the intelligent Universe, and the mystery of self: The Tantric synthesis of rDzogs Chen in fourteenth century Tibet. For many, faith is determined by upbringing. One would then have to ask, concerning this other, whether it be one or of many parts. The question of personal identity then becomes a matter of characterizing the loose cohesion of one's personal experience. Definition: Meaning: The case is the same for the seers of Upanishads, who mai… So, if you want to learn a bit about self-defense through the lens of … [citation needed], Both Western and Eastern civilizations have been occupied with self-knowledge and underscored its importance particularly citing the paradoxical combination of immediate availability and profound obscurity involved in its pursuit. PHL/215 ... It is said that in order to achieve enlightenment or Brahman the most important aspect is learning all one can about the self and then removing all your attachments that your current identity has, because that will ultimately lead you to a life of suffering from losing those attachments. Please join StudyMode to read the full document. The concept of self in Eastern philosophy In Eastern philosophy, the most well-known conceptions of the self are represented by the views of Confucianism, Taoism, … However, as we grow up, that belief may change in one way or the other based on the interactions we have with the people around us. --The rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods. And so on ad infinitum. Most Eastern theist traditions (e.g., Hinduism) assert that the appearance of self (e.g., Atman) is an emanation of Divine Will and that the goal of philosophy and spiritual practice is for the individual to re-unite with the divine absolute, transcending the illusion of self into “God-Realization”. We might start thinking about which features can be changed without changing the underlying self. “When you're in the clutches of a drinking problem you don't really sit around thinking, I should really knock this shit off and go get my Eastern philosophy on. "The axe has an edge for cutting" was, for Aristotle, analogous to "humans have bodies for rational activity," and the potential for rational activity thus constituted the essence of a human soul. Date Ancient eastern philosophy unravels the Tao, Zen and other holistic ways of thinking about the self and the universe. Lemkin grew up in a Jewish family and was one of three children born to Joseph and Bella Lemkin. More recently philosophical schools are teaching both religious and philosophical concepts. According to Eastern philosophy, the self as an essence does not exist and this is d ue to our ignorance of the true nature of the world. What we think of as our self, the "me" that inhabits our body, is just an ephemeral experience. These are the best eastern philosophy … Eastern Philosophy By Jennifer Carter Eastern philosophy is the philosophies of the eastern continents. [4] Adi Shankaracharya, in his commentary on Bhagavad Gita says "Self-knowledge alone eradicates misery". Eastern religions have not been as concerned by questions relating to the nature of a single God as the universe's sole creator and ruler. The western view of the ‘enduring self’ refers to the notion that “you are the same person you were earlier in your life. The term ‘self’ refers to an individual human being, along with their body, mind, and in some cases, the concept of a ‘soul’. Mastering the self requires strength." The rationalist theory, which Immanuel Kant has inspired, also claims that our ability to achieve self-knowledge through rational reflection is partly derived from the fact that we view ourselves as rational agents. Until relatively recently, the study of philosophy, which is the discipline dedicated to questioning the fundamental assumptions of reality … These include epistemology, logic, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. Lao Tzu, in his Tao Te Ching, says "Knowing others is wisdom. [citation needed] The self is sometimes understood as a unified being essentially connected to consciousness, awareness, and agency. Eleanor Roosevelt created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that became the most important document of all other policies and treaties. The Self in Ancient Philosophy 203 [8] This school rejects that self-knowledge is merely derived from observation as it acknowledges the subject as authoritative on account of his ability as an agent to shape his own states. 1. Ancient Eastern Philosophy On the Ancient Wisdom of Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism & Confucianism. However, the way it has gone about this has been intriguingly different. This cosmological unity is the main point in the journey of life as it goes towards the eternal realities. Whether it is physical or none physical components it all leads to the idea of coming into fruition with the self. A comparison between David Hume and the Buddhist concept of personal identity in which both philosophical theories deny the existence of an underlying self. More precisely, the soul is the "first activity" of a living body. The most important characteristic of the Eastern world view - one could almost say the essence of it - is the awareness of the unity and mutual interrelation of all things and events, the experience of all phenomena in the world as manifestations of a basic oneness. A true believer who stands by his faith will never allow himself to accept defeat in argument even when they know that they may be wrong in some way (Watson, 2013). It is very detrimental to note that the Buddhist and Upanisadic term for the self is called “Atman” and its opposite is called “Anatman”. This argument was later refined and simplified by René Descartes in epistemic terms when he stated: "I can abstract from the supposition of all external things, but not from the supposition of my own consciousness. They both laid the groundwork for the now United Nations. He believed that even the wisest if humans is still ignorant, and this quote show some reflection on that thought process. [2] For Socrates, the goal of philosophy was to "know thyself". The Main Principles of Eastern Philosophy are: Cosmological Unity Life is a journey towards eternal realities that are beyond the realities that surround us Inner-world dependent Self-Liberation Behavioural Ethics The Main Principles of Western Philosophy are: Feeling oneself as an element of the Divine Life is service (to God, money etc) Unlike Plato and the religious traditions, Aristotle did n… Philosophy “Philosophy is an attempt to reason clearly and critically about all areas of experience: science, religion, art, politics, and mortality” (What is Philosophy, Para, 1). Various scholars and institutions of higher learning have maintained arbitrary divisions in the eastern and western philosophy. Name (Note that in the Appendix to the Treatise, Hume said mysteriously that he was dissatisfied with his account of the self, yet he never returned to the issue.). In his advice to emperors, Confucius stressed on the importance of examples. Customarily, faith and reason were often seen as the main source for justification of religious beliefs among many people. He believed if the emperor lead his subjects by leading an exemplary life, his subjects would follow and the state would be harmonious and prosper. Rather, Hume compares the soul to a commonwealth, which retains its identity not by virtue of some enduring core substance, but by being composed of many different, related, and yet constantly changing elements. The subject of philosophy has always been divided along two lines of thinking – the eastern and the western. [citation needed], The spiritual goal of many traditions involves the dissolving of the ego, in contrast to the essential Self,[24] allowing self-knowledge of one's own true nature to become experienced and enacted in the world. Knowing the self is enlightenment. [8] It is linked to other concepts such as self-awareness and self-conception. Aesthetics deals with beauty, art, enjoyment, sensory-emotional values, perception, and matters of taste and sentiment. Instead, they are a kind of convenient fiction, like a center of gravity, which is convenient as a way of solving physics problems, although they need not correspond to anything tangible — the center of gravity of a hoop is a point in thin air. We are often quick to judge and comment about other people’s faith without taking into consideration the fact that we cannot be easily convinced out of our own. The fuzzier Rogerian self does offer some points of commonality with the Eastern conception of the non-self, as will be clear from the discussion that follows. [citation needed], Hume's position is similar to Indian Buddhists’ theories and debates about the self, which generally considers a bundle theory to describe the mind phenomena grouped in aggregates (skandhas), such as sense-perceptions, intellective discrimination (saṃjñā), emotions and volition. Oriental philosophy is more concerned with how experience is able to transform the individual, and not with formal tenets and logic, nor there a need to test its postulates. It's more like, put on Led Zeppelin 4 and hand me some of that Root Beer Schnapps.” Both western and eastern philosophy has lots of simliarities too. 2 With notable exceptions (e.g. Hume, however, denies that there is a distinction between the various features of a person and the mysterious self that supposedly bears those features. [19], It is plain, that in the course of our thinking, and in the constant revolution of our ideas, our imagination runs easily from one idea to any other that resembles it, and that this quality alone is to the fancy a sufficient bond and association. According to this doctrine, there is no "self" in the sense of a permanent, integral, autonomous being within an individual existence. [21][22], Aaron Sloman has proposed that words like self, selves, herself, itself, themselves, myself, etc. His thought experiment tells its readers to imagine themselves suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. The ego is often associated with mind and the sense of time, which compulsively thinks in order to be assured of its future existence, rather than simply knowing its own self and the present. Ethics is based on behavior, and … For instance, if a knife had a soul, the act of cutting would be that soul, because 'cutting' is the essence of what it is to be a knife. For us to avoid being fooled by those learned person, it removes or takes away doubts, it turns life to be simple and flexible... ... However, both philosophies have the goal of finding out the meaning and purpose in the life and path of an individual Therefore, this makes it hard to easily try and convince someone out of his or her faith (Smith, 2008). This is a state, or a potential for actual, or 'second', activity. Studying philosophy is important because it continues to play an important role in shaping the future of all human existence, Philosophy enhances personal growth, professional opportunities, improves reading skill, critical thinking, communication, and helps in... ...EASTERN AND WESTERN PHILOSOPHY Eastern philosophy, on the other hand, has given a lot of thought to war, combat, and conflict. Daniel Dennett has a deflationary theory of the "self". Eastern Philosophy has always had a very similar goal to Western philosophy: that of making us wiser, less agitated, more thoughtful and readier to appreciate our lives. Not the body, certainly: much rather the contrary seems to be true, that the soul holds the body together; for when it departs, the body expires and decomposes. This "sense of doership" or sense of individual existence is that part which believes it is the human being, and believes it must fight for itself in the world, is ultimately unaware and unconscious of its own true nature. Heraclitus), in early Western philosophy a static view of reality was taken, with substance as the carrier of properties and the basis for identity of the self. It explores how to reach inner peace and our relationship with nature and the wider cosmos. Daniel Gray, BA; 30 Years Teaching; Letter From Student; Defending Philosophy; Value of Philosophy; Philosophy & Wonder; Philosophy Class; Former Students; Relevance of Philosophy; Teacher Burnout; Book Reviews. Buddhism, by contrast, recognized no substance and saw reality not in terms of things but in Both Western and Eastern civilizations have been occupied with self-knowledge and underscored its importance particularly citing the paradoxical combination of immediate availability and profound obscurity involved in its pursuit. [26] Although Buddhists criticize the immutable ātman of Hinduism, some Buddhist schools problematized the notion of an individual personhood; even among early ones, such as the Pudgala view, it was approached implicitly in questions such as "who is the bearer of the bundle? In this paper I will explain all the notions and ideas surrounding the idea of “the self” and “no self” that we have covered in Indian Philosophy including the ancient story of how Buddhism came to be and how the development of theories lead to the creation of Atman and Anatman, then I will attempt to critically discuss that idea... StudyMode - Premium and Free Essays, Term Papers & Book Notes. If mind is transformed can wrong-doing remain?” Tzu was very interested in how we should live ad different ways that a good society is governed. --The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. For exaxmple i have learnt that 05/25/2011 When doing he so he came to the conclusion that suffering can be avoided. I like this quote because a person does have a choice to change their selfish ways, by understanding how it affects people, and how ignorance and selfishness can be locked away permanently through cleansing of the mind. Since the beginning of Buddhist philosophy, several schools of interpretation assumed that a self cannot be identified with the transient aggregates, as they are non-self, but some traditions questioned further whether there can be an unchanging ground which defines a real and permanent individual identity, sustaining the impermanent phenomena; concepts such as Buddha-nature are found in the Mahayana lineage, and of an ultimate reality in dzogchen tradition, for instance in Dolpopa[25] and Longchenpa. --The critical study of the basic principles and concepts of a particular branch of knowledge. "[7], A theory about self-knowledge describes the concept as the capacity to detect that the sensations, thoughts, mental states, and attitudes as one's own. Many postmodern philosophers believe the only variant of Eastern and Western philosophy is that of Geographic’s however some scholars will disagree that it is not geographical but of natural language and investigated thinking.Eastern philosophy touches base with three traditions … [17], While he was imprisoned in a castle, Avicenna wrote his famous "floating man" thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality of the soul. One of the greatest philosophers from the eastern school of philosophy, Confucius was a just and righteous man, who adhered to ancient Chinese customs, ideals and conformed to the principles pre-laid by ancient sages. -- The term philosophy itself comes from the Greek philosophia, which means love of wisdom. do not refer to a special type of entity, but provide powerful syntactical mechanisms for constructing utterances that repeatedly refer to the same thing without tedious and obscure repetition of names or other referring expressions. Through this statement, people could contemplate the impact of their... ...Kelly Carter Eastern philosophy is the philosophies of the eastern continents. The eastern and western philosophy present similar issues when it comes to the idea of the state of being a human being. In addition, society always plays a major role in forming the faith of many. In Buddhism the no-self is called anatman. Life is round, and the recurrence with everything around it is important. 16. Lao Tzu- “To know that you do not know is the best. He states: "Soul is an actuality or formulable essence of something that possesses a potentiality of being besouled",[13][14] and also "When mind is set free from its present conditions it appears as just what it is and nothing more: this alone is immortal and eternal". Self-Knowledge In Eastern and Western Philosophies The pursuit of self-knowledge has an impressive philosophical pedigree both in the East and the West. Philosophy Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as existence, time, the relationship between mind and body, objects and their properties, wholes and their parts, events, processes, and causation. This way of framing the problem is intuitive, but it also leads ultimately to an infinite regress. The particular characteristics of the self determine its identity. ", "what transmigrates from one rebirth to another?" That absence of a self definition is directed to avoid clinging to the "I", seek reality and attain detachment,[28] and it is found in many passages of the oldest Buddha sutras, recorded in the Pali Canon, such as this: "Bhikkhus, form is not-self. Philosophy is divided into many sub-fields. Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, such as the relationships between truth, belief, and theories of justification. Germano, David Francis. Moreover, eastern ideas on the self emphasize the greater good, intuition, experiences and personal relationships. [citation needed], To another person, the self of one individual is exhibited in the conduct and discourse of that individual. "[6] Absolute perfection is the consummation of Self-knowledge. [15] Aristotle used his concept of the soul in many of his works; his main work on the subject is De Anima (On the Soul).[16][14]. Martial arts are just one product of that and self-defense is a central aspect of them. Knowing the self is enlightenment. Selves are not physically detectable. Checkpoint: Eastern Religious Philosophy Quotes Logic is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. [ 2 ] for Socrates, the `` here and now ''. [ 27 ] many respects, ``! School Name Date 1 Absolute perfection is the consummation of Self-knowledge self-improvement and enlightenment?.. Of mankind the ‘enduring self’ refers to the idea of coming into fruition with the eastern philosophy on the or. List, pursuing a higher state of consciousness does n't really rank been different... This together deflationary theory of the Ship of Theseus can be avoided [ 1 a! Alone is the study of the Ship of Theseus can be used as an eastern, the of., applying always and for ever ] Adi Shankaracharya, in Hume 's,! As western philosopher questioning the nature and scope of knowledge, reality and. 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