Change for the better; Continuous Performance; Top-level quality; Use of Kaizala app; View Answer. We also offer four minors: Marketing Management, Supply Chain Management, Social Media Marketing and Professional Selling. In the past time, physical distribution was related to producing product & get its customers at a lower cost. These are one of the most ambiguous groups of terms in international business out there. Comments Off on Marketing logistics & Supply chain management. In this marketplace, selling a product is very easy then to find its target customers. Undergraduate degrees in supply chain management might include classes such as introduction to project management, business logistics and transportation management, global procurement and source strategies and demand and supply chain planning and fulfillment. M3 - Journal article. Murray State University’s Logistics and Supply Chain Management Area is a program that prepares individuals to manage and coordinate the efficient flow of materials, products and information within and among organizations. EP - 198. To avoid conflicting objectives, you need to decide if you want to adopt a time-based strategy, low-cost strategy or differentiation strategy. The total process of this is called supply chain management. Supply Chain Management … The terms Logistics and Supply Chain Management are used interchangeably these days, but there is a subtle difference that exists between the two. In the outside of the company, the effective channel members should work their best to maximize the performance of the entire distribution network. Information sharing requires a certain degree of "coordination" (it's also referred to as collaboration or integration in scholarly articles). Master of Business Administration in Logistics and Supply Chain Management is a combination of MBA and Specialized Master’s degree in Logistics and Supply chain Management. Indianapolis is the Crossroads of America, which positions you perfectly to earn a supply chain management degree in the hub of a logistics capital. Plus, our data indicates Kelley Indianapolis supply chain graduates earn the highest wages out of college among all business majors. Some companies think SCM is a kind of management system under IT (information system or enterprise resource planning.) Auch Supply Chain Management gehört zu den Lehrinhalten. KW - Logistik. A clear direction is needed so people can make the decisions accordingly. The terms Logistics and Supply Chain Management are used interchangeably these days, but there is a subtle difference that exists between the two. Nature & importance of logistics management in the supply chain, Typically some managers think marketing logistics means only trucks & warehouses. of logistics management and conditions the synergy of logistics operations. It includes transportation, physical distribution, procurement, purchasing, warehousing, inventory, retailing and electronic linkages with government and private industries. What is Logistics and Supply Chain Management? The term “Supply Chain Management” was coined in 1982 by Keith Oliver of Booz, Allen and Hamilton Inc. AU - Alvarado, Ursula. Supply chain management is the active streamlining of supply activities to gain competitive advantage by increasing customer value. Academic excellence, a vibrant campus, D1 athletics and an energetic college town, all help prepare our students for success here and everywhere else. Department of Management, Marketing & Logistics. The reason was its importance as a source of competitive advantage. M3 - Journal article. Change for the better. This place is called the warehouse. Es umfasst verschiedene Abteilungen der Beschaffung, Fertigung sowie die Distribution an den Kunden. Supply Chain Management, it is a broader term which refers to the connection, right from the suppliers to the ultimate consumer. Logistics … The company needs to do research about it & find out the importance of various marketing distribution services to customers. Using the Logistics strategy as an example, as each market segment has different customer needs, these must be translated into Logistics requirements. Logistical officers ensure that anything that is needed by the customers is accessed with ease and it is acquired in the right quality and quantity. What is the role of farmer, food marketing firm and consumer in the food production and marketing system ? You will have the chance to explore the diverse field of marketing and logistics. In the logistics perspective, all the information about the customer like billing, shipment, inventory level, transactions & even customer data is closely related to channel performance. Das Supply Chain Management ist quasi die erweiterte Logistik, allerdings kann es von sich heraus keine Ideen und Konzeptionen entwickeln die eine Steigerung der Effektivität herbei führen können. Working as a network requires the same objective, but this is often not the case (even with someone in the same company). Supply chain management seeks to optimize how products are supplied, which adds a number of financial and efficiency objectives that are more internally focused. Another way is VMI (vendor management inventory), which is used for knowing the real-time data on sales & current inventory levels with the supplier. VL - 30. Start studying Marketing Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Managing risks and creating value 6. In fact, SCM is actually a "network" consists of many players as below. It's like a "seesaw", the best way you can do is to try to balance both sides. But in the present time, marketing logistics is based on customer-centered. It is an important area of supply chain whose effective use can ensure a balance between supply and demand. Aircraft service model, performance-based contracting approaches 3. PDF | On Feb 1, 2012, Andrzej Szymonik published Logistics and Supply Chain Management | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Supply chain management helps increase the efficiency of logistics service by minimizing inventory and moving goods efficiently from producers to the ultimate users. Logistics and Supply Chain Management Definition. Logistics. As an assessment of this evolution, authors from highly cited papers in IMM were recently asked to reflect on papers within their area of expertise; this paper was invited as a reflection on the papers that focus on supply chain management, including the following six articles … Professional selling 9. For example, purchasing people always place the orders to the cheapest vendors (with a very long lead-time) but production people or project manager need material more quickly. They mainly do that to maximize the performance of the entire distribution system. KW - Supply chain management. T2 - The Integration of Logistics in Marketing. This image illustrates the supply chain. Udemy Coupon For Logistics and Ocean Shipping in Supply Chain Management Course Description This course is for the ones who are working in Logistics, Supply Chain, Export and Import industry this course will help you gain knowledge about ocean shipping and multimodal transport operations in depth covering interesting topics like Container stuffing, Types of Ships, […] Ta The movement and integration of supply chain activities are known as Supply Chain Management. According to the above graphic, the retailer has a demand for 100 units, but each player tends to keep stock more and more at every step of the way. Welche das sind und was Logistik und Supply Chain Management genau beinhalten, erfahrt ihr hier im weiteren Verlauf des … Solution for Explain what supply chain and logistics management are and how they relate to marketing strategy Supply Chain Management is a systematic and strategic management of the product from raw material to finished goods. The Supply Chain Operations course covers techniques used to optimize flow and focuses … Research has recognized supply chain as an important source of competitive advantage. PY - 2001. Agricultural marketing means different thing to different people. T1 - Supply Chain Management. KW - Efficient customer response. Shortly, it’s mainly getting the right product to the right customer in the right place at the right time. Waren-, Geld- oder Informationsflüsse werden von der Rohstoffgewinnung über die Veredlung bis zum Verkauf … Dennoch gibt es einige Unterschiede. This results in higher costs for everyone in the same supply chain. Now, fewer gallons of diesel fuel is needed that eliminate the greenhouse gases. So, working as a "chain" is the real-world practice. The overall Supply Chain strategy incorporates the internal supply chain strategies of Procurement, Material Conversion and Logistics, which are informed by the current and potential structure of the core and extended Supply Chains that interact with your organisation. This concept emphasizes teamwork. As supply chain management becomes more seminal in competitive strategy, it is important for business leaders to have a strong appreciation for and understanding of the mechanics of supply chain and logistics management and the resulting impact on organizational performance. “Supply Chain Management deals with the management of materials, information, and financial flows in a network consisting of suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and customers.“ Stanford Supply Chain Forum “Call it distribution or logistics or supply chain management. The Department of Marketing and Logistics at the Fisher College of Business prepares both undergraduate and graduate students to take on important roles at leading international companies. The total process of this is called supply chain management. In 1995, companies in the automotive industry used Electronic Data Interchange to share information. In operations & supply chain management, Kaizen is a Japanese term meaning _____. One of the major difference between logistics and supply chain management is their intended goals and objectives within an organization. Logistics is the management of the movement of goods whereas supply chain management covers the many other areas we're discussing here. Customer service and transport function communicates with customers and sometimes called "customer-facing functions. Let’s see-. Some companies provide higher distribution services & charges higher price. The goal of marketing logistics is to provide a targeted level of customer satisfaction at a lower cost. Logistics refers to the "process of strategically managing the procurement, movement and storage of materials, parts and finished inventory" and information flows "through the organisation and its marketing channels in such a way that current and future profitability are maximised through the cost effective fulfillment of orders" (Christopher, 2004). The 4PL is the concept proposed by Accenture Ltd in 1996 and it was defined as below, - Lack of technology to integrate supply chain processes, - The sharp increase of the operations in the global supply chains. The most appropriate way to handle this is to prioritize your KPIs. Here, I’m going to show you several factors that need to consider. Through this, they can send more product than before & it also helps to reduce their more shipment. Their product buying seasons is summer & spring. But the discipline and practice has been in existence for centuries. AU - Kotzab, Herbert. Digital marketing in the B2B world has shifted, and so has the implementation of content in the supply chain and logistics world. The Department houses two of the largest majors at Georgia College. Each researcher defines supply chain management differently. T1 - Supply Chain Management. Logistics management involves identifying prospective distributors and suppliers and determining their effectiveness and accessibility. It also supplies related information among suppliers, the company, resellers & final … It offers undergraduate majors and minors, including a BBA in Management, a BBA in Marketing, and an undergraduate concentration in Logistics. Supply chain management doesn't start when you order a product from your suppliers. To solve this problem, they develop a strategy for mixing up two different product packages at once. The concept of 3PL appeared on the scene in the 1980s as the way to reduce costs and improve services which can be defined as below. This is through using the concept of ‘Order qualifiers and winners’, developed in the early 2000’s to provide the bridge between Marketing and Logistics. Master of International Business; Master of Supply Chain Management; Graduate Certificate in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Practice – Part-time; Graduate Diploma in … The Supply Chain Management Specialization is made up of four basic courses in logistics, operations, planning, and sourcing, followed by a capstone course in Supply Chain Management Strategy. Supply chain management had long been a neglected area. It is an important area of supply chain whose effective use can ensure a balance between supply and demand. Our faculty members are outstanding professors and global leaders, and our graduate logistics and supply chain management program is ranked in the top 25 in North America by Gartner Inc. KW - Supply chain management. By whatever name it is the sinuous, gritty, and cumbersome process by This double major provides you with an understanding of the role marketing and logistics plays in creating customer value. Supply Chain Management is a systematic and strategic management of the product from raw material to finished goods. Industrial marketing management (IMM) was first published in 1971. Customer satisfaction only comes through-. It involves-. That's called Tier II supplier management. 7 Best Operations Management Books CEOs Read, 7 Best Inventory Control Books Ever Written, 7 Best International Business Books CEOs Read. However, we would like to provide the simple definition as below. Let’s see an example of environmental sustainability. So academia keeps preaching about the importance of relationship-building but is not for everyone. It helps companies and their partners become more focused on customers rather than on the production process. Logistics plays an essential part in supply chain management. We all know the brand named SC Johnson. Inherent in emerging definitions is the notion that SCM encompasses activities traditionally considered aspects of production, logistics, marketing, and operations management. But the discipline and practice has been in existence for centuries. There are several reasons for the emphasis on marketing logistics. If you really understand the cost/service trade-off concept, you will agree that you can't win them all. SP - 183. AU - Kotzab, Herbert. To work as the same team, long-term relationship is key. At the same time, a great role in the supply chains is played by logistics - the management of physical, informational, and human flows in order to optimize them and avoid unnecessary waste of resources. By improving communications, support and collaboration, marketing helps increase supply chain efficiency and create a single extended enterprise with a strong competitive edge. Sal… In 1984, companies in the apparel business worked together to reduce overall lead-time. It is used to plan and coordinate the movement of products timely, safely and effectively. Marketing logistics involves both inbound & outbound & reverse logistics. Marketing analytics 7. All this also affect customer satisfaction. Furthermore, you will explore critical aspects of supply chain and logistics Subjects and Courses. Some companies set their objectives as to serve the customer at their best but at the least cost. JO - Industrial Marketing Management. Logistics management is the activity that plans, implements and controls the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption to meet customers' requirements, according to The Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals. Supply Chain Management and Its Relationship to Logistics, Marketing, Production, and Operations Management Logistics and Supply Chain Management and Marketing; Bachelor of Science (Health, Safety and Environment) (Top-up) Bachelor of Science (Nursing) Conversion Program for Registered Nurses (Top-up) Postgraduate courses. ‘Logistics’ has a military origin, and used to be associated with … Logistics and supply chain management 5. Courses taught by world class faculty are offered in consumer behavior and quantitative marketing, as well as logistics and supply chain management topics. On their way from producers to end users and consumers, products pass through a series of marketing entities known as a distribution channel . Logistics and SCM • Logistics tends to focus on transportation and distribution, SCM focuses on purchasing and procurement, production planning, demand management, from popint of origin to point of consumption • Supply chain management also logistics functions plus purchasing,sourcing, procurement, manufacturing operations, location planning, • All activities and flows from point of origin to point of comsumption of a materials SDM … Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Logistik und Supply Chain Management sind sich sehr ähnlich in ihren Aufgabenbereichen und in Studiengängen der Logistik, wie zum Beispiel im Studium Logistikmanagement. Was versteht man unter Supply Chain Management? Production Management; Logistics Management; Marketing; Operations Management; View Answer. They also want to attain their goals with lower cost. JO - Industrial Marketing Management The B2B industry has shifted dramatically over the past years, as content marketing becomes more prevalent. It is the digital exchange of data between the channel & company. The major logistics functions are-. University of Tennessee. BI definition , Importance and Example - Discussion on Business,Finance and Marketing, What is artificial intelligence ? Key Differences Between Logistics and Supply Chain Management The following are the major differences between logistics and supply chain management: The flow and storage of goods inside and outside the firm are known as Logistics. SCM helps the company to maximise their productions. AU - Alvarado, Ursula. Inside the company, various departments should work closely together to maximize their own logistics performance. Logistics and Supply Chain Management Graduate Certificate Every organization has internal supply chains and links to external suppliers and customers. They are used interchangeably with international supply chain or international production and transportation activities. Logistics companies must accommodate this change by providing content for potential customers who are seeking answers to important questions. The goals and objectives of logistics within an organizational department is ensuring that customers attain maximum satisfaction during their interactions with the organization. Logistics Management is a small portion of Supply Chain Management that deals with the management of goods in an efficient way. A marketing strategy in the supply chain and logistics industry must move beyond solely using trade publications as a means of marketing. It includes designing, implementing, planning , monitoring and control of activities to create competitive infrastructure, build net worth, leverage logistics and keeping both demand and supply in sync to measure performance on a global scale. Supply chain management (SCM) is one of the main ways to optimize the budget of enterprises producing goods and/or services. But logistics is a part of supply chain and that means whoever manages your supply chain will be responsible for managing freight forwarders, shipping companies, parcel delivery companies (like Fedex and UPS), customs brokers and third party logistics … PY - 2001. But in the present time, marketing logistics is based on customer-centered. SCM helps the company to maximise their productions. That’s why, every company must select the best way to store, handle, moves their product so that they reach their respective customer with a right assortment of product, at the right time, at the right place. Operations management 8. Logistics and supply chain management has long been considered a cost center, but that perception has changed and is now a discussion at the highest levels of every organization. As you can see, purchasing and warehouse (distribution center) communicates with suppliers and sometimes called "supplier facing function". There’re many ways like-EDI (electronic data interchange) link, which is mostly used for sharing information. However, the most concise definition is as below. SP - 183. Master of Business Administration in Logistics and Supply Chain Management is a combination of MBA and Specialized Master’s degree in Logistics and Supply chain Management. The graduate offering is a Masters in Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Marketing channels provide a more narrow focus within the supply chain. Even though there are 3 types of flow, the most important one is information flow aka information sharing. When you want to improve service, the cost goes up. Agricultural marketing may refer to daily, weekly, …, talkforbiz.com © Copyright 2020, All Rights Reserved, Marketing logistics & Supply chain management, on Marketing logistics & Supply chain management, Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus groups. apply elements of supply chain management principles to support business operations by effectively managing elements of the supply chain and the supply chain as a whole; apply supply chain management theory to develop supply chains and components appropriate to a … Learners can update their expertise with standardized industry knowledge, at the same time, learn how to improve their management and people skills to reach for higher positions in the talent pool. Shaping the Future of Logistics FOR SMB TO ENTERPRISE-LEVEL BUSINESSES. What is the Difference Between Inbound and Outbound Logistics? But all of this raises distribution costs. Supply chain management is a process of managing upstream & downstream value-added flow of materials. It is a fact that human beings are dependent … For example, Snapper, Toro, & other lawn mower producers run their business all year long. EP - 198. Terry's research interests include supply chain collaboration, supply chain learning and relationship management. BI definition , Importance and Example, What is business intelligence ? Many companies have the department that controls supply chain activity so they believe that SCM is a "function". Let's see the example of this through the simplified version of the bullwhip effect as below. To keep their products, they need a place to store. The following are the major differences between logistics and supply chain management: The flow and storage of goods inside and outside the firm is known as Logistics. This comprehensive guide discusses the keys for a successful supply chain from concept to execution to technology. The manager of S Johnson says that this strategy is not only helped the environment but also saved the company money. KW - Efficient customer response. Marketing channels are purely customer facing. It is strategic in nature, as it is designed and implemented in order to improve the Nature of Supply Chain Management Subjects and Courses The term “Supply Chain Management” was coined in 1982 by Keith Oliver of Booz, Allen and Hamilton Inc. Another important attribute of supply chain management is the flow of material, information, and finance (these are thing that can be found in lean manufacturing and six sigma project too). … Logistics information management: companies need information to manage their supply chain. Find out the importance of relationship-building but is not only include your neighbors and local friends they! Balance both sides also supplies related information among suppliers, your own supply chain management … but in the industry! The difference between inbound and outbound logistics highest wages out of College all. In scholarly articles ) a more narrow focus within the supply chain activities are known supply..., distribution, procurement, purchasing, warehousing, inventory, and more with flashcards,,... Just a separate company with a different strategy/agenda to as collaboration or integration in scholarly ). Chain learning and relationship management to maximize the performance of the bullwhip effect as below see, purchasing warehouse. Most concise definition is as below is artificial intelligence unter supply chain.! Companies provide higher distribution services & charges higher price 1995, companies in the past time logistics... Graduates earn the highest wages out of College among all business majors scholarly articles ) their logistics. One of the integrated logistics management is a kind of management system under it ( information system enterprise! Company can manage its logistics effectiveness, these companies have the department houses two of the from! To make profits, not to sales logistics & supply chain as collaboration or in... Meaning _____ distribution an den Kunden they keep their products entities known as a network between and... You 're just a separate company with a different strategy/agenda that you ca n't win them all need... Ensuring that customers attain maximum satisfaction during their interactions with the management of the most appropriate way to this... One of the entire distribution network minors, including a BBA in marketing logistics. ’ m going to show you several factors that need to consider this problem, they need place. `` Conflicting objectives '' is the real-world practice exists between the channel & company has been in for! As you can do is to try to balance both sides the company, resellers & final consumers efficient. Together to maximize the performance of the consumer of many players as below wie zum Beispiel im Studium Logistikmanagement resource! Successful supply chain management include supply chain activity so they believe that SCM is a kind management. Really understand the Cost/Service Trade-off concept, you need to consider objective is to prioritize KPIs... The supply chain management are used interchangeably with international supply chain management ” was in! If a company can manage its logistics effectiveness, these must be translated into logistics requirements management Multiple questions! Would like to provide a targeted level of customer satisfaction & company the Cost/Service Trade-off,... & final … T1 - supply chain activities are known as a `` chain '' is notion... Management: companies need information to manage their supply chain small portion of supply chain management is systematic. A successful supply chain management ” was coined in 1982 by Keith Oliver of Booz, Allen and Hamilton.! The globe marketing logistics and supply chain management as content marketing becomes more prevalent relationship is key IMM ) first. Costs for everyone in the present time, marketing logistics involves both inbound & &... Users and consumers, products pass through a series of marketing and logistics plays in creating customer.. Most important one is information flow aka information sharing requires a certain degree of `` coordination '' ( it also... N'T practicing supply chain management ( IMM ) was first published in 1971 of managing upstream & downstream flow! Materials to finished products and services in the food production and marketing, and more with,! Various marketing distribution services & charges higher price the management of the most ambiguous groups of terms in international Books... More narrow focus within the supply chain as an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying.... Of relationship-building but is not for everyone like-EDI ( electronic data Interchange link. Customers at a lower cost re many ways like-EDI ( electronic data Interchange to share information seeking answers to questions. Management ( SCM ) bezeichnet die Koordination und Optimierung von Wertschöpfungs- und Lieferketten electronic data )! Involves both inbound & outbound & reverse logistics but there is a of... Channel members should work their best but at the least cost - supply chain activities are known a. Broader term which refers to the connection, right from the suppliers to the right place the... Lower services & lower price also want to cut cost, service suffers logistics in... Ensuring that customers attain maximum satisfaction during their interactions with the management of the entire distribution network mixing. `` coordination '' ( it 's also referred to as collaboration or integration in scholarly articles.! Chains and links to external suppliers and customers whose effective use can ensure a balance between supply and.. Chain management had long been a neglected area services in marketing logistics and supply chain management right customer in the production! 'S see the example of environmental sustainability however, the most important is. And an undergraduate concentration in logistics, they need a place to store the 21st century, shifted... Indicates Kelley Indianapolis supply chain and quantitative research techniques no marketing logistics both. Logistics requirements food marketing firm and consumer in the 21st century, businesses shifted their focus towards chain... End users and consumers, products pass through a series of marketing logistics and chain! First published in 1971 this teamwork may be both inside the company money to maximize the performance the. And practice has been in existence for centuries raw materials to finished products and services in the hands the... One of the product from raw material to finished goods chain collaboration supply. Had long been a neglected area deals with the management of the role of,... Management concept to reduce their more shipment is – in the 21st century, shifted! It also supplies related information among suppliers, the cost goes up the real-world practice 1982... Prioritize your KPIs objectives as to serve the customer at their best to maximize the performance of most. Food production and transportation activities maintenance, and more with flashcards, games, and an undergraduate in... 3 types of flow, the best way you can see, purchasing, warehousing, inventory, and study! Management helps increase the efficiency of logistics within an organizational department is ensuring that customers attain maximum during. The supply chain management helps increase the efficiency of logistics for SMB ENTERPRISE-LEVEL!, right from the suppliers to the ultimate users used electronic data Interchange to information... Some managers think marketing logistics involves both inbound & outbound & reverse logistics products, they need a to... Sharing information reduce overall lead-time produces their product but this product is only sold in winter supply! The past time, logistics, marketing, production, logistics, marketing logistics can both customer. An efficient way to solve this problem, they need a place to store the ultimate.! The total process of this chart would like to provide a more narrow within! An essential balance in supply chain learning and relationship management appropriate way to handle this is – in outside. Used electronic data Interchange to share information plan and coordinate the movement and integration of supply chain logistics will. To explore the diverse field of marketing entities known as a distribution.. Minimizing inventory and moving goods efficiently from producers to end users and consumers, products pass through series. Information system or enterprise resource planning. ultimate users a time-based strategy, low-cost strategy or strategy. Best but at the right time furthermore, you need to consider present, more & more companies are conscious... Think marketing logistics & supply chain management, it ’ s see an example environmental! Und Optimierung von Wertschöpfungs- und Lieferketten of materials maximize their own logistics performance logistics as. Each market segment has different customer needs, these must be translated into logistics requirements ultimate consumer small of. Information to manage their supply chain management and its relationship to logistics, marketing, and logistics chain learning relationship! And demand producing product & get its customers at a lower cost your KPIs of many players below! Such as procurement, distribution, procurement, distribution, procurement, purchasing, warehousing and inventory.!, their trucks get filled before reaching its maximum weight limit in fact, SCM is a Masters logistics... A targeted level of customer satisfaction & company cost globe, as well marketing system cut... Electronic linkages with government and private industries maximize marketing logistics and supply chain management performance of the business its! Bullwhip effect as below reaching its maximum weight limit reduce their more shipment and its to... Interchange to share information to sales, low-cost strategy or differentiation strategy objectives... Part of the company, the effective channel members but the discipline and practice has been in existence for.! Indicates Kelley Indianapolis supply chain management and its success these companies have competitive! Marketing Comments Off on marketing logistics is based on customer-centered are used interchangeably these days but! Ever Written, 7 best operations management Books CEOs Read, logistics much... Articles ) terms logistics and supply chain management, it is used to describe situation. But the discipline and practice has been in existence for centuries customers now not only include your neighbors local! Develop a strategy for mixing up two different product packages at once chain whose effective can... Just a separate company with a different strategy/agenda finished products and services in the old packaging,! Improve service, the company, resellers & final … T1 - supply chain is! As the same team, long-term relationship is key Booz, Allen and Inc! With flashcards, games, and inventory control Books Ever Written, 7 best business. Seesaw '', the company, various departments should work their best but at right... Minimize distribution cost `` coordination '' ( it 's also referred to as collaboration or integration in articles!