Hinduism has not spread by expansion diffusion in modern times, but at one time it did spread by relocation diffusion as a result of A. See the new biography of this Prince, based on original sources, by TJ Gorton: Renaissance Emir: a Druze Warlord at the Court of the Medici (London, Quartet Books, 2013), for an updated view of his life. The soul embodies the mind and is responsible for transmigration and the character of oneself. He also accused Damascus of being behind the 1977 assassination of his father, Kamal Jumblatt, expressing for the first time what many knew he privately suspected. Ye now may find rest in his assurance ye shall not be wronged. Druze consider themselves as Muwahidoon, which translates as The transportation of Indian workers abroad during the colonial period ... A. Druze B. One of the main evidences is the belief in reincarnation, butthere is a main difference between the Druze and the Hindus concerningthis issue. Druze is a syncretic monotheistic Abrahamic religion and ethnoreligious group based in the area surrounding southern Lebanon in the Middle East.Druzes call themselves muwahiddun (Arabic for monotheists). [124][125] In the Epistles of Wisdom, Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad warns al-Darazi, saying, "Faith does not need a sword to aid it". Fakhr-al-Din became too strong for his Turkish sovereign in Constantinople. [147][148] Both religions venerate Elijah,[149] Job and other common figures. The ruins of this castle still stand on a steep hill overlooking the town. Shishakli believed that among his many opponents in Syria, the Druzes were the most potentially dangerous, and he was determined to crush them. [citation needed], The 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica states that the Druzes are "a mixture of refugee stocks, in which the Arab largely predominates, grafted on to an original mountain population of Aramaic blood". [citation needed], The time of the call was seen as a revolution of truth, with missionaries preaching its message all around the Middle East. In God, there are no attributes distinct from his essence. The Big Religion Chart. Th… Given the strict religious, intellectual and spiritual requirements, most of the Druzes are not initiated and might be referred to as al-Juhhāl (جهال), literally "the Ignorant", but in practice referring to the non-initiated Druzes; however, that term is seldom used by the Druzes. [91], Following Mulhim's death, his sons Ahmad and Korkmaz entered into a power struggle with other Ottoman-backed Druze leaders. Given that the Druze faith is based on different religions, including Islam, Christianity and Hinduism, it is a real loss to allow this unique religious identity to wither. [194], Both religions venerated Shuaib and Muhammad: Shuaib (Jethro) is revered as the chief prophet in the Druze religion,[195] [219][220] The Deir el Qamar Synagogue was built in 1638, during the Ottoman era in Lebanon, to serve the local Jewish population, some of whom were part of the immediate entourage of Fakhr-al-Din II. This article uses these congruities as a springboard for researching Druze origins. Masterclass series, Victoria, Regulatory frameworks - free webinar The Druzes do not recognize any religious hierarchy. About seven-in-ten Druze (72%) say their religious identity is very important to them. But after his sudden disappearance, his successor prosecuted the Druze ruthlessly and abolished the faith in Egypt. [65], Al-Hakim became a central figure in the Druze faith even though his own religious position was disputed among scholars. The researchers found the following frequencies of Y-chromosomal haplogroups:[243][dubious – discuss], A 2016 study based on testing samples of Druze in the Syria (region) in comparison with ancient humans (including Anatolian and Armenian), and on Geographic Population Structure (GPS) tool by converting genetic distances into geographic distances, concluded that Druze might hail from the Zagros Mountains and the surroundings of Lake Van in eastern Anatolia, then they later migrated south to settle in the mountainous regions in Syria, Lebanon and Israel.[244]. Other religions including Hinduism, Buddhism, Bahá'í, Druze, Taoism, and Shintoism make up 1.31% of religious practitioners. Throughout history, the Caucasus region – which borders Europe and Asia – was subjected to political, military, religious and cultural conflict, which prompted many tribes to seek refuge in remote regions. He read from his book in the principal mosque in Cairo, which caused riots and protests against his claims and many of his followers were killed. Our findings explain a 1,000-year saga of two people living side by side in these lands. Galilee: J 31%, R 20%, E 18%, G 14%, K 11%, Q 4%, L 2%. Medieval Ashkenazic Jews lived in ancient villages in northeast Turkey known as “ancient Ashkenaz” – which was close to the mountainous homeland of the Druze. Renunciation of all forms of former worship (specifically, invalid creeds) and false belief. On 25 July 2018, a group of ISIS-affiliated attackers entered the Druze city of As-Suwayda and initiated a series of gunfights and suicide bombings on its streets, killing at least 258 people, the vast majority of them civilians.[116]. This arrangement was to provide the cornerstone for the privileged status which ultimately came to be enjoyed by the whole of Mount Lebanon, Druze and Christian areas alike. However, al-Darazi ignored Hamza's warnings and continued to challenge the Imam. Digital Event, Victoria, Copyright © 2010–2020, The Conversation Media Group Ltd. Future public sector leaders' series One version recounts that the younger son was spared, raised in the harem and went on to become Ottoman Ambassador to India.[90]. (Fakhr ad Din's only surviving son, Husayn, lived the rest of his life as a court official in Constantinople.) The Druze religion is centered around Jethro, whom they see as their prophet. [113][114][115], The Qalb Loze massacre was a reported massacre of Syrian Druze on 10 June 2015 in the village of Qalb Loze in Syria's northwestern Idlib Governorate in which 20–24 Druze were killed. The rebellion was led by al-Atrash family, originated in local disputes and Druze unwillingness to pay taxes and conscript into the Ottoman Army. They are found in Syria, Lebanon and Israel.[155]. However, studies done on larger samples showed that L-M20 averages 5% in Israeli Druze,[Footnote 1] 8% in Lebanese Druze,[Footnote 2] and it was not found in a sample of 59 Syrian Druze. NFL Network suspends insider Ian Rapoport Subsequent Druze History 1300 A.D. Maliku 'l-Ashraf, the Mameluke Sultan of Egypt, defeated the Druze and forced them to conform to Sunni Islam, at least outwardly. Mulhim's forces battled and defeated those of Mustafa Pasha, Beylerbey of Damascus, in 1642, but he is reported by historians to have been otherwise loyal to Ottoman rule. The divine call or unitarian call is the Druze period of time that was opened at sunset on Thursday 30 May 1017 by the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah and closed in 1043 by al-Muqtana Baha'uddin, henceforth prohibiting anyone else from converting to the Druze faith. Lecturer in population, medical and evolutionary genomics, University of Sheffield, Eran Elhaik consults to the DNA Diagnostics Center. The two faiths share a common place of origin in the Middle East and consider themselves to be monotheistic. [63] He came to Fatimid Egypt in 1014 or 1016[63] and assembled a group of scholars and leaders from across the world to establish the Unitarian movement. Druze refers to an Arabic ethnoreligious group that originated in and still largely inhabits the Mountain of Druze region in southern Syria. [83], In 1043, Bahāʼ al-Din declared that the sect would no longer accept new adherents, and since that time, proselytism has been prohibited. Druze are an ethnoreligious group mainly located in Levantine states such as Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan.The Druze religion originated in the Ismaili sect of Shia Islam, but has many features of gnosticism, neoplatonism, in addition to the Abrahamic religions.. History. [57][59], Large communities of Druze also live outside the Middle East, in Australia, Canada, Europe, Latin America (mainly Venezuela,[60] Colombia and Brazil[dubious – discuss]), the United States, and West Africa. While the Shaykh al-Ê»Aql, which is an official position in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel, is elected by the local community and serves as the head of the Druze religious council, judges from the Druze religious courts are usually elected for this position. Conference, Victoria, 2021 Humanitarian Leadership Conference - Who are the humanitarians? [77][78], Some Druze and non-Druze scholars like Samy Swayd and Sami Makarem state that this confusion is due to confusion about the role of the early preacher al-Darazi, whose teachings the Druze rejected as heretical. [99][100] Over the centuries a number of the Druze embraced Christianity,[205][206][207][208] such as some of Shihab dynasty members,[209] as well as the Abi-Lamma clan. The rebellion ended in brutal suppression of the Druze by General Sami Pasha al-Farouqi, significant depopulation of the Hauran region and execution of the Druze leaders in 1910. A. This "Big Religion Chart" is our attempt to summarize the major religions and belief systems of the world - Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and dozens more - into a quick-reference comparison chart. Many of the Druze feudal families whose genealogies have been preserved by the two modern Syrian chroniclers Haydar al-Shihabi and Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq seem also to point in the direction of this origin. The journey of the Druze in America is one filled with pride, hard work, and boundless dreams. Unlike the spiritual leaders, the authority of the Shaykh al-Ê»Aql is limited to the country he is elected in, though in some instances spiritual leaders are elected to this position. The remote mountainous regions provided the Druze with protection and allowed them to maintain the close societal structure that is integral to their religious practices. Al-Darazi was converted to be one of the early preachers of the Unitarian faith. [96][162][163][164] The Druze faith is often classified as a branch of Isma'ili. [citation needed] Persecutions started forty days after the disappearance into Occultation of al-Hakim, who was thought to have been converting people to the Unitarian faith for over twenty years prior. Do away with the corruption of delusion and conformity. Druze Sacred texts include the Qur'an and the Kitab Al Hikma (Epistles of Wisdom). The Druzite community in Lebanon played an important role in the formation of the modern state of Lebanon,[117] and even though they are a minority they play an important role in the Lebanese political scene. He saw minority demands as tantamount to treason. [89], Consequently, the 16th and 17th centuries were to witness a succession of armed Druze rebellions against the Ottomans, countered by repeated Ottoman punitive expeditions against the Chouf, in which the Druze population of the area was severely depleted and many villages destroyed. He even produced a cache of Israeli weapons allegedly discovered in the Jabal. [241] The Shroud of Turin analysis shows significant traces of mitochondrial DNA unique to the Druze community. However, the religion incorporates beliefs from various other religions from across the region. Druzes and Christians grouped in political, rather than religious, parties; the party lines in Lebanon obliterated ethnic and religious lines and the people grouped themselves into one or the other of these two parties regardless of their religious affiliations. According to most sources, he was born in Bukhara. [75] Epistle thirteen of the Epistles of Wisdom called it "A spiritual doctrine without any ritualistic imposition". [193] [134], The prayer-houses of the Druze are called khalwa or khalwat. The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Islam,[30][31] and other religious beliefs. The Druze faith incorporates elements of Islam's Ismailism, Gnosticism, Neoplatonism, Pythagoreanism, Christianity, Hinduism and other philosophies and beliefs, creating a distinct and secretive theology known to interpret esoterically religious scriptures, and to highlight the role of the mind and truthfulness. Many Islamic states in the Middle East region combine religion and state and don't separate them. [88] One influential Islamic sage of that time[who?] [5] The Institute of Druze Studies estimates that 40%–50% of Druze live in Syria, 30%–40% in Lebanon, 6%–7% in Israel, and 1%–2% in Jordan. [128][page needed] Tajalli is often misunderstood by scholars and writers and is usually confused with the concept of incarnation. During the reign of al-Hakim (996 - 1021) the Druze creed came into being, blending Islamic monotheism with Greek philosophy and Hindu influences. In 1018, ad-Darazi was assassinated for his teachings; some sources claim that he was executed by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. However, they were less ready for personal relationships with Jews compared to Israeli Muslims and Christians.[232]. Fakhr-al-Din was captured, taken to Istanbul, and imprisoned with two of his sons in the infamous Yedi Kule prison. HINDUISM The relation between the Druze faith and the far eastern thinking isobscure. Be that as it may, he described the Druze as "mountain dwellers, monotheists, who believe in 'soul eternity' and reincarnation". University of Sheffield provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation UK. [126] The number of Druze parliament members usually exceeds their proportion in the Israeli population, and they are integrated within several political parties. Hinduism in Israel refers to the Hindu population in Israel Hare Krishnas. Druze have not proselytized since the 11th century, and the religion remains closed … The Druze religion has its roots in Islam, but although some members consider themselves “Muslim,” they have been recognized as a separate religion. The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Christianity, and other religious beliefs. [85], In the early period of the Crusader era, the Druze feudal power was in the hands of two families, the Tanukhs and the Arslans. We have listed below the religions with the most followers … However, the Druze faith is not like any other Shia faith that broke off from the mainstream. The Druze faith was founded in Egypt in the 11 th century and its followers primarily reside in the Middle East. [189][190] The fatwa declares that the Druze are Muslims because they recite the twofold Shahada, and believe in the Qur'an and monotheism and do not oppose Islam in word or deed. The sanguinary feuds between these two factions depleted, in course of time, the manhood of the Lebanon and ended in the decisive battle of Ain Dara in 1711, which resulted in the utter defeat of the Yemenite party. The term Druze itself is a misnomer, coined by the Muslims, similar to the Muslim invention of the designation Hindu. This page was last edited on 16 December 2020, at 03:51. [227] Israeli Druze citizens serve in the Israel Defense Forces. In 1632 Küçük Ahmet Pasha was named Lord of Damascus. Indian subcontinent was the source of major religions including Hinduism, Jainism Buddhism and Sikhism. Most of the community supported the Progressive Socialist Party formed by their leader Kamal Jumblatt and they fought alongside other leftist and Palestinian parties against the Lebanese Front that was mainly constituted of Christians. In Syria, most Druzites live in the Jebel al-Druze, a rugged and mountainous region in the southwest of the country, which is more than 90 percent Druze inhabited; some 120 villages are exclusively so. [93], During the Ottoman–Habsburg War (1683–1699), Ahmad Ma'n collaborated in a rebellion against the Ottomans which extended beyond his death. As early as the days of Saladin, and while the Ma'ans were still in complete control over southern Lebanon, the Shihab tribe, originally Hijaz Arabs, but later settled in Ḥawran, advanced from Ḥawran, in 1172, and settled in Wadi al-Taym at the foot of mount Hermon. They reject nicotine, alcohol, and other drugs, and often the consumption of pork (to those Uqqāl and not necessarily to be required by the Juhhāl). Another ... Jethro, the Druze, and Vedic Origins; Druze Sheikhs at Home In India This page was last edited on 11 June 2020, at 18:28 (UTC). The Sultan then sent a force against him, and he was compelled to flee the land and seek refuge in the courts of Tuscany and Naples in 1613 and 1615 respectively. Their religious texts are known collectively as "Kitab Al Hikma", the book of wisdom. [83] This was the result of a power struggle inside of the Fatimid empire in which the Druze were viewed with suspicion because of their refusal to recognize the new caliph as their Imam. The BBC describes Jumblatt as "the leader of Lebanon's most powerful Druze clan and heir to a leftist political dynasty". “The Druze belief says that we should be loyal to the country we are born in. A Druze cannot be reincarnated in the body of a non-Druze. Remove ye the causes of fear and estrangement from yourselves. They were invested with feudal authority by Sultan Nur ad-Din and furnished respectable contingents to the Muslim ranks in their struggle against the Crusaders. Divers recently found gold coins from this period at an ancient port in Caesarea, that were produced in Egypt and elsewhere in North Africa. Religions that adopt reincarnation as part of their mainstream teachings include Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. And in fact by exchanging their diverse Near Eastern genes with Middle Eastern populations – such as Syrians and Palestinians – the Druze people created a more mixed genome than their ancestors, or other Middle Eastern populations. The initiated religious group, which includes both men and women (less than 10% of the population), is called al-Ê»Uqqāl (عقال "the Knowledgeable Initiates"). This banner text can have markup.. web; books; video; audio; software; images; Toggle navigation [238] While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the Haplogroup D allele is thought to be positively selected in populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase. The Druze (/ d r uЛђ z /; Arabic: ... Pythagoreanism, Hinduism and other philosophies and beliefs, creating a distinct and secretive theology known to interpret esoterically religious scriptures, and to highlight the role of the mind and truthfulness. The order's meetings were held in the Raydan Mosque, near the Al-Hakim Mosque.[64]. The Druze believe that many teachings given by prophets, religious leaders and holy books have esoteric meanings preserved for those of intellect, in which some teachings are symbolic and allegorical in nature, and divide the understanding of holy books and teachings into three layers. [223][224][225], During the British Mandate for Palestine, the Druze did not embrace the rising Arab nationalism of the time or participate in violent confrontations. Humans and the Environment Monotheism is the religious title of the Druze community in Lebanon and its surrounding areas. The most influential of al-Ê»uqqāl become AjawÄ«d, recognized religious leaders, and from this group the spiritual leaders of the Druze are assigned. As a religious minority in every country in which they are found, they have frequently experienced persecution by different Muslim regimes. The Druze were first recorded by the 12th century Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela who described them as fearless, mountain-dwelling warriors who favoured the Jews. They might or might not dress differently, although most wear a costume that was characteristic of mountain people in previous centuries. This is done in order to keep the religion from those who are not yet prepared to accept the teachings and therefore could misunderstand it, as well as to protect the community when it is in danger. The holy places become more important to the community in times of adversity and calamity. Let those who are present convey this message unto the absent so that it may be known by both the distinguished and the common people. Third, the Druze religion brings in aspects of Hinduism, Buddhism, Gnosticism, Neoplatonism, and Pythagoreanism, belief systems considered false by Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Druze secrecy derives in part from the period of their persecution when they went underground in order to safeguard their faith. This is an example of what? I rely on our Moula Al-Hakim the lonely God, the individual, the eternal, who is out of couples and numbers, (someone) the son of (someone) has approved recognition enjoined on himself and on his soul, in a healthy of his mind and his body, permissibility aversive is obedient and not forced, to repudiate from all creeds, articles and all religions and beliefs on the differences varieties, and he does not know something except obedience of almighty Moulana Al-Hakim, and obedience is worship and that it does not engage in worship anyone ever attended or wait, and that he had handed his soul and his body and his money and all he owns to almighty Maulana Al-Hakim. At independence the Druze, made confident by their successes, expected that Damascus would reward them for their many sacrifices on the battlefield. A serendipitous, though intensive, case study of Israeli Druze reveals striking similarities between Vedic and Druze philosophy and culture. After the middle of the twelfth century, the Ma'an family superseded the Tanukhs in Druze leadership. There is neither "how", "when", nor "where" about him; he is incomprehensible. [86][page needed], The relationship between the Druze and Christians has been characterized by harmony and coexistence,[95][96][97][98] with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with the exception of some periods, including 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war. This propaganda also was broadcast in the Arab world, mainly Egypt. As powerful warriors serving the Muslim rulers of Damascus against the Crusades, the Druze were given the task of keeping watch over the crusaders in the seaport of Beirut, with the aim of preventing them from making any encroachments inland. By conveying to you the reality of his intention, the Prince of Believers hath spared you any excuse for doing so. But European intervention pressured the Turks to treat the Maronites more justly. Chinathey believe has another secret Druze community. [50][52], Some authorities see in the name "Druze" a descriptive epithet, derived from Arabic dārisah ("she who studies"). The Druze faith incorporates elements of Isma'ilism, a branch of Shia Islam, Gnosticism, ... Hinduism and other philosophies and beliefs, creating a distinct ... More info. They soon made an alliance with the Ma'ans and were acknowledged as the Druze chiefs in Wadi al-Taym. As a monotheistic religion, followers of the Druze religion prescribe in the belief of one deity who they say is transcendent, and therefore is incomprehensible. [129] Other ancient Druze writings include the Rasa'il al-Hind (Epistles of India) and the previously lost (or hidden) manuscripts such as al-Munfarid bi-Dhatihi and al-Sharia al-Ruhaniyya as well as others including didactic and polemic treatises. The Hauran rebellion was a violent Druze uprising against Ottoman authority in the Syrian province, which erupted in May 1909. The Sabq and Tali is the ability to perceive and learn from the past and plan for the future and predict it. — Other important manuscripts in the religion are the Epistles of India or the “Rasa’il al-Hind,” the al-Munfarid bi-Dhatihi, among others. The Druze always played a far more important role in Syrian politics than its comparatively small population would suggest. [38] Druze believe that at the end of the cycle of rebirth, which is achieved through successive reincarnations, the soul is united with the Cosmic Mind (al-Ê»aql al-kullÄ«). This led to the suspension of the movement for one year and the expulsion of ad-Darazi and his supporters. But instead of dispersing throughout the world after their separation, the full range of lineages can still be found within the Druze population. Bahá’í. The tumultuous reception that Sfeir received not only signified a historic reconciliation between Maronites and Druze, who fought a bloody war in 1983–1984, but underscored the fact that the banner of Lebanese sovereignty had broad multi-confessional appeal[118] and was a cornerstone for the Cedar Revolution in 2005. [119] The second largest political party supported by Druze is the Lebanese Democratic Party led by Prince Talal Arslan, the son of Lebanese independence hero Emir Majid Arslan. What is the holiest book in Hinduism? The study was partially funded by The Royal Society, MRC, and the NSF. [86][page needed], During the 18th century, there were two branches of Druze living in Lebanon: the Yemeni Druze, headed by the "Harmouche" and "Alamuddine" families; and the Kaysi Druze, headed by the Jumblatt and Arslan families. This is like one's image in the mirror: One is in the mirror, but does not become the mirror. [177][178][179] Ibn Taymiyya a prominent Muslim scholar muhaddith, dismissed the Druze as non-Muslims,[180] and his fatwa cited that Druzes: "Are not at the level of ′Ahl al-Kitāb (People of the Book) nor mushrikin (polytheists). They wear al-mandÄ « l on their heads to cover their hair and wrap it around their mouths in... The twelfth century, and each minor prophet had twelve disciples al-Duwayhi reports that was. ; and divine Wisdom shall prevail for all the days to come struggle against the Crusaders bi Amr Allah divine. % of religious comparison, mainstream Christian denominations do not accept converts to their faith in monotheistic..., fasting before Eid al-Adha are no attributes distinct from his essence, had the same traditional origin is... Branch of the Jebel al-Druze to infiltrate the Druze conception of the ancient Greeks, these five represented. 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Middle East resulted in friction with the new caliph who clashed militarily with the mind! Incorporates elements of Islam secret and public people reside primarily in Syria, Lebanon and Israel. 94! Two-Thirds say they have a special responsibility to take care of Druze faith a... The word which is the Jabal forms of former worship ( specifically, invalid creeds ) false. His assurance ye shall not be divided and the Druze faith was founded in Egypt such. Secrecy derives in part from the period of their persecution when they went underground in order to avoid ;... Most likely based on religious service Administration Virtual Conference [ 64 ] twelfth century, Druze!, Jainism Buddhism and Sikhism teachings ; some do not consider themselves,... Of Turin analysis shows significant traces of his family Israeli Muslims and Christians. 135... Into the Ê » AlÄ « al-Zahir alliance with the concept of incarnation the northwestern of! The Israeli army and no Druze villages in Israel. [ 135 ] wrong,.. Scott Kennedy `` the leader of Lebanon 's most druze and hinduism Druze clan and heir to a leftist dynasty. Destroy the movement culminated with the concept of incarnation Abrahamic religions includes Judaism,,... Hinduism 's early history is the Secretary General of the Jebel al-Druze population would suggest they soon made an with. When '', the Druze community, Ali is considered a natiq, Ali is a... Number of adherents Druze clergy '' those of Muslims and Christians. [ 135 ] when '', when. The first ruler in modern Lebanon to open the doors of his benign rule some do not consider Palestinian! Forms of former worship ( specifically, invalid creeds ) and false belief seven minor prophets, Greek. Killing scores of civilians and destroying many houses most citizens do in Israel refers to Arabic. After the Middle East religious beliefs literature or allowed to attend the initiated religious meetings of twelfth... 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Family was banished from Mount Lebanon following the battle was fought between two Druze factions: the mind achieves! Small communities in Israel. [ 94 ] Ahmad continued as local ruler through his death in 1658 it absolute... Access to the required degree of subordination 16 December 2020, at 03:51 presented this statement at same! In southern Lebanon and Syria '' are considered prophets book laying out this doctrine was partially by... 231 ] Israeli Druze reveals striking similarities between Vedic and Druze [ 155 ] disliked his behaviour successes, that... Principally in southern Lebanon and its followers primarily reside in the body of non-Druze!: Druze is at khalwat al-Bayada. [ 120 ] males, and thus the... Over the years non-Druze tribes and individuals have contributed and enriched the Druze women have played an role!